Signs your thyroid could be malfunctioning

To function properly your thyroid needs iodine. And although most North Americans get the iodine they need from iodized salt, it's important to know the often subtle signs of thyroid disorders that suggest you aren't. Here are a few things to look for.

The thyroid gland manufactures hormones that influence almost every function of the body. These hormones regulate metabolism, physical and mental development, nerve and muscle function and circulation – in addition to the actions of other hormones, such as insulin.

Although thyroid disease isn’t as common as it was in the past, it’s important to recognize the early signs that signal you may have an issue with your thyroid.

Common symptoms include:

• Swelling in the lower neck: Goiter is noticeable as a swelling in the lower neck. It is an overgrown thyroid, a butterfly-shaped gland at the front of the throat, that can occur when the thyroid gland produces either too much thyroid hormone or not enough.
• Difficulty swallowing: Early symptoms of thyroid malfunction are related to the enlargement of the gland and include throat discomfort or tightness, trouble swallowing, coughing and hoarse voice.

Symptoms such as excessive fatigue, weight gain or loss and trouble concentrating are other signs that the thyroid may not working as it should.

Thyroid disorders occur most commonly in women and usually involve either an over-active or under-active gland. Although there is some overlap, the symptoms of one disorder almost mirror the symptoms of the other.

The symptoms of an over-active thyroid, referred to as hyperthyroidism or Graves' Disease, are related to the speeding up of the metabolism. They may possibly include:

• Feelings of being nervous and jittery: When the metabolism speeds up, too much thyroid hormone is produced. This can cause rapid heartbeat that will lead people to experience an anxious, jittery feeling. They may also find it hard to concentrate.
• Weight loss and extreme hunger: With the metabolism in overdrive, those with over-active thyroid find themselves losing weight even though they are hungrier and eating more.
• Fatigue: Sleeplessness and frequent wakening during the night are common symptoms of over-active thyroid.
• Menstrual irregularities: Over-production of thyroid hormone can cause periods to be shorter, farther apart and very light.
• Changes in bowel habits: An over-active thyroid can result in more frequent bowel movements or diarrhea.
• Protruding eyes: Whether or not a goiter distorts the neck, a person with an overactive thyroid develops protuberant eyes.

Treatment of an over-active thyroid is aimed at reducing hormone production, which could include anti-thyroid drugs or surgery to remove all or parts of the thyroid.

The symptoms of an under-active thyroid, or hypothyroidism, can be easily missed and are due to a slowing of the metabolism.

• Excessive fatigue or weakness: Sleepiness that is easily put down to lack of sleep is really the system slowing down. As metabolism slows, fatigue increases and sufferers experience muscle weakness.
• Weight gain: A slow metabolism commonly results in weight gain even though the person may be eating less than normal.
• Feeling cold: A system slowdown often leaves those with under-active thyroid feeling cold, even on hot days.
• Forgetfulness: Those with under-active thyroid often complain of memory problems.
• Changes in skin, hair and nails: A slow metabolism and reduced sweating can lead to dry, itchy skin and a change in skin texture. This decrease in hormone can cause hair to become dry and brittle, break off or fall out.  Nails will also grow more slowly and become brittle.
• Menstrual irregularities: Too little thyroid hormone can result in longer periods with heavier flow.
• Constipation: A slowdown of the metabolism also causes a slowing of digestion, which can lead to constipation.

Hypothyroidism is frequently caused by chronic inflammation brought on by an autoimmune disorder and may be treated with thyroid hormone replacement pills.

The thyroid is among the body's most important glands. When it doesn't work properly, it can sometimes lead to various health issues. That’s why being aware of symptoms that suggest thyroid malfunction could be key to helping your family doctor determine if there is a cause for concern. If you think you may have a thyroid condition or you have any other health-related questions, you should always seek advice from a certified healthcare professional.

N.B.: Always consult a qualified healthcare provider before starting any exercise program, changing your diet or taking supplements of any kind. The general information in this article is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, instruction or treatment.